Smithsonian Magazine · People & society

WWII Hospital Ship Wreck Becomes Thriving Artificial Reef

An Italian hospital ship, the Po, sunk off Albania in 1941, has transformed into a vibrant artificial reef, supporting a diverse array of marine life. Researchers studied the wreck to understand its ecological impact.

The Po sank after being torpedoed by a British aircraft while evacuating wounded soldiers. It went down quickly, with 23 fatalities. Despite being a protected hospital ship, its lights were off that night to avoid detection.

The 443-foot vessel now rests about 108 to 121 feet deep within a marine protected area. It is remarkably well-preserved, with intact interior features.

Between 2022 and 2024, researchers conducted 32 dives, using sonar and 3D photography to survey the wreck and its inhabitants. They identified 151 species.

The findings indicate the Po serves as a habitat and shelter for numerous marine organisms, including fish, invertebrates, and potentially mammals. Sponges, mussels, and algae cover its surface, while various fish species inhabit the wreck.

Notably, a Mediterranean monk seal, an endangered species, was observed resting on the wreck, suggesting artificial reefs may offer refuge as natural habitats decline.

The study also identified invasive devil firefish around the wreck, with scientists suggesting climate change may be facilitating their northward expansion, potentially using artificial reefs as stepping stones.

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