ESA · Space

Solar Orbiter traces magnetic switchbacks to Sun's surface

The Solar Orbiter spacecraft has identified the origin of mysterious S-shaped kinks in the solar wind, known as switchbacks, tracing them back to the Sun's surface. This discovery sheds light on solar magnetism and the processes that drive solar storms.

Scientists have debated switchback formation. Solar Orbiter confirmed their S-shape and sampled particles within one, providing fingerprints of its origin.

Analysis revealed a mix of charged oxygen and carbon particles, indicating formation within hot magnetic field loops at the Sun's surface, supporting the 'interchange reconnection' theory.

Interchange reconnection occurs when different magnetic regions on the Sun interact, allowing trapped plasma to escape.

Evidence of waves and turbulence was also found, suggesting both interchange reconnection and wave/turbulence processes are involved.

These processes operate at different stages: reconnection at the Sun, and waves/turbulence influencing movement in space.

Understanding switchbacks explains how the Sun heats its atmosphere and accelerates solar wind, imprinting its signature on plasma.

This knowledge is vital for predicting space weather impacts on Earth and technology. Solar Orbiter's proximity and instruments were key to this discovery.

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