Mongabay · Climate & nature

South African Farmers Grapple with Unpredictable Rainfall and Water Scarcity

Farmers in South Africa's Limpopo province are facing significant challenges due to increasingly unreliable rainfall and rising temperatures, threatening their livelihoods and food security.

In Malala Drift, Limpopo, farmers report unpredictable rainfall patterns over the past decade. When river levels drop, they incur costs by hiring excavation companies to access water from the riverbed, impacting farm operations.

A 2026 study of the Musina area (1991-2023) documented recurring droughts, with slightly increased frequency between 2010-2023 compared to 1991-2009. Temperatures also rose, increasing water stress.

While rainfall trends did not show a significant long-term decline, the study highlighted considerable year-to-year variability. This, combined with higher temperatures, creates uncertainty for water-dependent livelihoods.

A 2025 study of nearly 500 Limpopo households found 89% experienced severe drought within five years, leading to crop failure, water scarcity, and livestock death. Roughly 70% faced food insecurity.

Respondents in the University of Venda study reported water shortages, reduced crop yields, increased livestock mortality, food insecurity, and reduced income.

Experts suggest Musina, a semi-arid region, needs to shift from drought reaction to preparation, recommending early-warning systems, improved water storage, drought-tolerant crops, and livelihood diversification.

Farmers are already employing coping strategies like seeking alternative water sources, water conservation, and planting resilient crops. However, the overall uncertainty persists, affecting both crop and livestock farmers.

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