EU Joint Research Centre · Space

EU Hydrogen Expansion May Not Strain Water Supplies, But Caution Advised

A European Commission report suggests that the expansion of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen production in Europe is unlikely to cause major water crises, though certain regions may face increased pressure.

The Joint Research Centre (JRC) report modelled water demand for hydrogen production through 2050, assuming freshwater is used. It found that most plants will be in areas with low to moderate water stress. However, under pessimistic climate scenarios, about 10% of plants could face competition for freshwater with agriculture, municipal, or industrial users, with Southern Europe (Spain, Italy, Portugal) at the highest risk.

The JRC recommends proactive water management strategies, especially in water-scarce regions. While EU water policies exist, their implementation varies. The report suggests prioritizing alternative water sources like desalinated seawater or treated wastewater and enhancing water efficiency, aligning with the EU's 10% water-use efficiency target by 2030.

Strategic siting of hydrogen production hubs, based on basin-level water availability, is crucial to prevent conflicts. Further research is needed to develop consistent data on water use across different hydrogen production methods and to assess the environmental impacts of desalination and direct seawater electrolysis.

The report concludes that achieving Europe's hydrogen ambitions requires proactive planning, including investment in water reuse infrastructure and dynamic monitoring of seasonal water stress to adjust production. Promoting research into sustainable desalination and water use efficiency is also key.

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