Smithsonian Magazine · People & society

Ancient Roman Fresco and Mosaic Complex Unveiled After 2,000 Years

Ancient Rome's largest known fresco and mosaic complex, dating to the first century C.E., has opened to the public after extensive restoration. The artworks were discovered underground in the 1990s.

The 107-square-foot fresco depicts a walled maritime city from an aerial perspective, featuring buildings, a theater, and towers. Its identity remains unknown, though it was likely a significant city.

The accompanying multicolored mosaic, measuring 33 feet high and 52 feet wide, showcases architectural elements and further aerial views of the mysterious port city. It also includes human figures like a philosopher and a poet.

Archaeologists believe this mosaic may be the largest wall mosaic ever found in the Roman world and are continuing excavations to determine its full extent. A newly discovered section depicts grape harvesting and winemaking.

These artworks were found during excavations of the Baths of Trajan, a massive bath complex dedicated in 109 C.E. The mosaic and fresco are thought to predate the baths and might have been part of Emperor Nero's Domus Aurea palace.

The site is initially open to small, guided groups by reservation, with authorities assessing the impact of visitors before considering wider public access. The area includes rest areas, walkways, and lighting.

Above ground, a semicircular wall, possibly an ancient library, is also accessible to visitors. Niches in the wall suggest it may have held books and documents.

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