Smithsonian Magazine · People & society

Earliest Chocolate Traces Found East of Mississippi River

Genetic analysis of pottery from Georgia's Etowah Mounds revealed the earliest known cacao traces east of the Mississippi River, suggesting extensive ancient trade networks.

The discovery indicates cacao reached Etowah around the 11th century, challenging previous understandings of ancient American trade.

Cacao drinks were likely consumed during feasts celebrating the construction of the Etowah mounds, large earthen structures built by Native Americans.

Researchers analyzed pottery residue. Initial tests detected caffeine, but couldn't distinguish between cacao and native yaupon holly.

New genetic analysis confirmed cacao DNA in two sherds, with degradation patterns suggesting an ancient source, not modern contamination.

Cacao's presence at Etowah, far from its cultivation areas, raises questions about its arrival, possibly via traders or long exchanges.

The long shelf life of cacao beans allowed for transport. Its use at Etowah was likely a drink, possibly with ritualistic significance.

This finding supports the idea of broad continental trade networks and interconnected ancient American cultures.

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