Smithsonian Magazine · People & society

Alcohol-Linked Cancer Deaths Have Doubled in the U.S. Over 30 Years

Deaths from cancer attributed to alcohol have significantly increased in the United States over the past three decades, despite an overall decline in cancer mortality rates.

Researchers estimate alcohol-attributable cancer deaths rose from 11,361 in 1990 to about 23,126 in 2023. This trend highlights the need for updated public health messaging regarding alcohol, a known carcinogen.

Alcohol contributes to cancer by forming acetaldehyde, a DNA-damaging carcinogen. It can also increase estrogen levels and enhance carcinogen absorption, especially with smoking.

The study analyzed ten cancer types. Leading causes of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths in 2023 included colorectal, esophageal, liver, and breast cancers.

Liver cancer led for men 55+, followed by esophageal and colorectal. Colorectal cancer led for younger men (20-54). Breast cancer led for women of all ages.

Less alcohol increases cancer risk in younger men and women compared to older men. The study did not identify a safe alcohol consumption threshold.

While alcohol is a preventable cause of cancer mortality, the study does not advise complete abstinence. Those with other risk factors should reduce intake.

Experts note that alcohol's cancer-causing mechanisms are clear, but the safe consumption level remains uncertain. This reinforces alcohol's role in cancer development.

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